Research Paper Volume 14, Issue 18 pp 7364—7377

Figure 1. Construction and characterization of M1-Exo-GEM. (A) After induction, M0 macrophages were successfully polarized into M1 phenotype. (B–D) Expressions of M1 macrophage markers TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly up-regulated, which were higher than those in M0 macrophages, showing significant inter-group differences, **P<0.05. (E–G) M1-Exo-GEM had a circular pie appearance, with a particle size of around 100 nm. Meanwhile, the up-regulated expressions of marker proteins indicated that the Exos were morphologically intact, which conformed to relevant characteristics. (H) Investigation of Exo stability revealed insignificant changes in particle size of M1-Exo-GEM at 4° C and 37° C within 1 week of measurement.