Figure 1. Moderating effect of cognitive reserve on the brain volume-cognition relationship. Note. Cognitive performance and hippocampal volume are presented in z-scores (i.e., mean = 0, SD = 1). (A) Indicates a stronger positive relationship between brain volume and cognitive performance for participants without dementia who have high cognitive reserve. (B) Indicates a strong negative relationship between brain volume and cognitive performance for participants with dementia who have high cognitive reserve.