Research Paper Volume 15, Issue 21 pp 11740—11763

Figure 5. 1,5-AF activates pAMPK/PGC-1α/BDNF pathway in SAMP8 mice to maintain activity and cognitive function. Kaplan–Meier survival curves in 1,5-AF and control mice, according to log-rank test (A); survival did not significantly differ between groups (p = 0.18) (1,5-AF: n = 19, control: n = 14). Open field test revealed greater locomotor activity and movement speed per unit time in 1,5-AF mice than in control mice (B) (1,5-AF: n = 19, control: n = 15). Morris water maze analysis showed no significant differences between groups in time to reach the platform or number of platform crossings (C) (1,5-AF: n = 11, control: n = 6). Novel object recognition test revealed higher orientation to a novel object in 1,5-AF mice (D) (1,5-AF: n = 19, control: n = 15). Immunoblot analysis (E) revealed that protein levels of pAMPK (F), PGC-1α (G), and BDNF (H) were higher in 1,5-AF mice than in control mice (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). Representative image of BDNF and PGC1-α staining in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions (I). BDNF immunoreactivity in the CA3 (J) and cortex (K) was higher in 1,5-AF mice than in control mice, whereas immunoreactivity in the CA1 (L) did not differ (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). PGC1-α immunoreactivity in the CA3 (M) and cortex (N) was also higher in 1,5-AF mice than in control mice, whereas immunoreactivity in the CA1 (O) did not differ (1,5-AF: n = 6, control: n = 6). Data are shown as the mean ± standard error. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01. Scale bar = 100 μm (I). Abbreviations: 1,5-AF: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; pAMPK: phosphorylated 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α; SAMP8: senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8.