ࡱ> Y[X[  : Supplementary Table 3. Criteria for the risk of bias assessment of each study, adapted from the OHAT. Bias categories and questionsDefinitely Low Risk (++) Probably Low Risk (+) Probably High Risk (- or NR: not reported) Definitely High Risk (--") Selection Bias (SB) comparison groupThe descriptions of the studied population are sufficiently detailed to support the assertion that risk of selection effects is minimal.There is insufficient information about population selection to permit a judgment of low risk of bias, but there is indirect evidence that suggests low risk of bias. There is insufficient information about population selection to permit a judgment of high risk of bias, but there is indirect evidence that suggests high risk of bias.There are indications from descriptions of the studied population of high risk of bias.Confounding Bias (CB) design and analysisStudy accounts for all important confounders which are measured consistently.Study accounts for most of confounders AND is not expected to introduce bias.Study accounts for some but not all of confounders AND is expected to introduce bias.Study do not account for potential confounders OR are inappropriately measured. Confounding Bias (CB) variables assessmentThere is direct evidence that primary covariates and confounders are assessed using valid and reliable measurements.There is evidence (direct or indirect) that primary covariates and confounders are assessed using valid and reliable measurements, OR the measures used would not produce appreciable bias.There is indirect evidence that primary covariates and confounders are assessed using measurements of unknown validity.There is direct evidence that primary covariates and confounders are assessed using non valid measurements.Confounding Bias (CB) other exposuresThere is direct evidence that other exposures anticipated to bias results are not present or are appropriately measured and adjusted for.There is evidence (direct or indirect) that other co-exposures anticipated to bias results are not present or are appropriately adjusted for, OR co-exposures present would not produce appreciable bias.There is indirect evidence that an unbalanced provision of additional co-exposures is involved in the primary study groups, which is not appropriately adjusted for.There is direct evidence that an unbalanced provision of additional co-exposures is involved in the primary study groups, which is not appropriately adjusted for.Performance Bias (PB) adhere to protocolThere is direct evidence that no protocol deviation involves in the study.There is indirect evidence that no protocol deviation involves in the study.There is indirect evidence that large protocol deviation involves in the study.There is direct evidence that large protocol deviation involves in the study.Attrition/Exclusion Bias (A/EB) outcome data completeThere is no missing outcome data or missing data unrelated to true outcome.There is insufficient information about incomplete data to judge for low risk, but indirect evidence that suggests low risk of bias.There is insufficient information about incomplete data to judge for high risk, but indirect evidence that suggests high risk.Missing outcome data is related to true outcome.Detection Bias (DB) outcomes blindedOutcome assessors are adequately blinded to the exposure level when outcome is assessed.There is indirect evidence that the outcome assessors are adequately blinded when reporting outcomes, OR lack of adequate blinding of outcome assessors would not produce appreciable bias.There is insufficient information provided about blinding of outcome assessors.Lack of adequate blinding of outcome assessors, including no blinding or incomplete blinding.Detection Bias (DB) exposure characterization List of major considerations: 1) air pollution measurements were performed daily, < 25% missing data 2) more than one monitoring station per a large geographical area 3) models were used for weightingThere is high confidence that the exposure to PM is the true average population exposure.There is indirect evidence that suggests low risk of bias, or one of the three listed considerations is not applied.There is insufficient information to permit a judgment of high risk of bias, but there is indirect evidence that suggests high risk of bias. Additionally, two out of the three listed considerations are not applied.There is direct evidence of high risk of misclassification bias, or all three of the listed considerations are not applied.Detection Bias (DB) outcome assessmentOutcome is classified based on diagnosis standard criteria (International Classification System code) and provided by a national or regional database.Outcome is assessed based on diagnosis standard criteria and collected by researcher.Outcome is not assessed based on standard diagnosis criteria AND is accompanied by validation sub-study or sensitivity analysis to suggest that the risk is minimum.Outcome is assessed based on self-reports (parents, family) and data collected by the researcher.Selective Reporting Bias (SRB) outcomes reportedAll of the studies pre-specified outcomes and findings are reported.There is insufficient information about selective outcome to judge for low risk, but indirect evidence that suggests study is free of selective report.There is insufficient information about selective reporting to judge for high risk, but indirect evidence suggests that study is not free of selective report.Not all pre-specified outcomes and findings are reported, or one/more of the primary outcomes or analyses is/are assessed or executed with other methods than the pre-specified one, or one/more of the reported outcomes/findings is/are not pre-specified.Other Bias (OB)No other sources of bias.There is insufficient information to judge for low risk, but indirect evidence suggests study is free of other problems.There is insufficient information to judge for high risk, but indirect evidence suggests study is not free of other problems.There is at least one important risk of bias.     defgŵzfRARARzfRARA!h?5B*CJKH\^Jph'hEDhX5B*CJKH\^Jph'hEDhED5B*CJKH\^Jph'hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jph*hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jo(phhEDhQJ5CJOJQJaJhEDhED5CJOJQJaJhED5CJOJQJaJh6!~h6!~5CJOJQJaJh-Y%5CJOJQJaJh,h,5CJOJQJaJfg  W $$1$Ifa$gdX         0 1 V W k m n p q r խrխkZG$hXhXB*CJKH^Jo(ph!hX5B*CJKH\^Jph h:hX'h?h?5B*CJKH\^Jph*hEDhED5B*CJKH\^Jo(ph!h?5B*CJKH\^Jph'hEDhED5B*CJKH\^Jph'hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jph*hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jo(ph'hEDhX5B*CJKH\^Jph J 1## $$1$Ifa$gdXkd$$Iflr !-9fx F F F F  a t2H:644 lBap2ytX > @ I J    B C 4 5 ƵƵƵƵƠ~Ơh*hXhX5B*KH\^JaJo(ph!hX5B*CJKH\^Jph!h5B*CJKH\^Jph h:hXh[B*CJKH^Jph!h[h[B*CJKH^Jph!hXhXB*CJKH^Jph$hXhXB*CJKH^Jo(ph*hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jo(ph$J C Dkd$$Ifl{r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX $$1$Ifa$gdX 5 I}Dkd$$Ifl>r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX $$1$Ifa$gdX HI|}"12*+ششsbs!h5B*CJKH\^Jph*hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jo(ph h:hX$hXhXB*CJKH^Jo(ph!hXhXB*CJKH^Jph$hXhXB*KH^JaJo(ph!hX5B*KH\^JaJph*hXhX5B*KH\^JaJo(ph!h5B*KH\^JaJph"}2+Dkd$$Iflr !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX $$1$Ifa$gdXK6RDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkdn$$Iflr !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytXJK567OP`uvFG  !yz56?@ 23 &'(@AHbcŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴŴ h:hX!hXhXB*CJKH^Jph$hXhXB*CJKH^Jo(ph*hXhX5B*CJKH\^Jo(ph!hX5B*CJKH\^JphD67vGRDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkd;$$Ifl>r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX!z6RDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkd$$Iflgr !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX@RDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkd$$Iflr !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX 3 'RDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkd$$Ifl4r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX'(c@RDDDDD $$1$Ifa$gdXkdo$$Ifl{r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytXc?@   +!,!-!.!/!1!2!4!5!7!8!;!000 $$1$Ifa$gdX$$1$IfWDd`a$gdXkd<$$Ifl r !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX ,!-!.!0!1!3!DB=B=gdkd $$Iflgr !-9Fx F F F F  tH:644 lBap2ytX $$1$Ifa$gdX3!4!6!7!9!:!;! 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