Research Paper Volume 16, Issue 6 pp 5000—5026

Figure 2. The effects of GNL on cognitive decline induced by D-gal. (A) Effect of GNL on Mouse Roadmap in the Morris Water Maze Test; (B) Effect of GNL on the Y-maze task, analyzed for spatial working memory in D-gal-induced mice. (C) Effect of GNL on object place recognition. (D) Effect of GNL on AchE level in D-gal-induced mice (ng/ml protein). Effect of GNL on inflammatory cytokines in serum, such as (E) IL-6 (pg/ml), (F) TNF-α (pg/ml), and (G) IL-1β (pg/ml). Group I: Control; Group II: D-gal alone (150 mg/wt); Group III: D-gal (150 mg/wt) with GNL (40 mg/wt); and Group IV: GNL alone (40 mg/wt). Group V: 4-month-old young animals; Group VI: 16-month-old. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). ^*P < 0.05 vs. control group; ^#P < 0.05 vs. D-gal alone-treated mice. ^@P < 0.05 young vs. old mice.