Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 20 pp 20753—20777

Substance P blocks ovariectomy-induced bone loss by modulating inflammation and potentiating stem cell function

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OVX impairs the vasculature in trabecular bone. (A) Images of immunofluorescence staining for CD31 (red) in distal femoral metaphysis from sham-operation and OVX rat. GP: growth plate. Scale bar: 200 μm. (BD) The concentrations of PDGF-BB VEGF and TGF-β in serum were determined by ELISA. p values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant (* p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001). n = 12/group.