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Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 23 pp 24168—24183

Oxidative stress mediates age-related hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum by inducing inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis through activating Akt and MAPK pathways

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Figure 3. Inflammation was present in the hypertrophic LF. The expressions of (A) iNOS and (B) NO were increased in LF specimens from the LSS patients. (n = 21 and 43, respectively; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to the LDH group; the value was generated by unpaired t-test.) (The lanes on Figure 3A were run on the same gel but were noncontiguous.).