Triptolide improves neurobehavioral functions, inflammation, and oxidative stress in rats under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

Figure 1. TPL improved neurobehavioral functions of rats after DHCA. On day 3 after DHCA, rats underwent elevated plus-maze test (A) and Y maze test (B) to evaluate anxiety-like behavior and working memory. TPL treatment increased the percentage of open arms entries and open arms time after DHCA. From day 3 through day 7 after DHCA, rats underwent Morris water maze test to evaluate spatial learning and memory. There was no difference in escape latency, speed and travel distance among groups in the cued phase (C). The results showed that TPL treatment significantly shortened the escape latency and increased the time spent in goal quadrant compared to DHCA group (D). Values were presented as $\overline{x}±s$ (n = 10). The MWM data was analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, with time as the repeated measure and Fisher’s least significance difference post hoc test. Parametric values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison was used to analyze nonparametric values. A difference with P < 0.05 was indicated statically significant. ***P < 0.001 compared to the intact control group and sham group; ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 compared to the DHCA group.