Expression of Concern
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This article is currently under investigation. We strongly recommend that this article is not cited until the investigation is completed.
Research Paper Volume 13, Issue 17 pp 21251—21267
Betulinic acid induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis via Bmi-1/ROS/AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis in human bladder cancer cells
Figure 7. BA-triggered autophagy-dependent apoptosis requires activation of the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 axis. Cell viability and western blot assay results for EJ and T24 cells pre-exposed to 10 μM dorsomorphin (ComC) (A) or 500 μM AICAR (B) for 4 h and incubated with DMSO (control) or 25 μM BA for another 24 h. The CCK-8 assay was used for analysis of cell viability. Western blot was employed to determine the expression of cleaved PARP, p-AMPKα (Thr172), p-mTOR (Ser2448), p-ULK1 (Ser555), Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, and LC3B-II. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.