Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating construction of an electronic frailty index (eFI). Theoretically, any age-related diseases, signs, symptoms, disabilities, and lab values that are available within the electronic health records can be used for constructing the eFI. It is calculated as the sum of deficits divided by the total number of non-missing items (generating a score ranging from 0 to 1) and is usually categorized into three to four groups, where a higher level of frailty is associated with increased risk of mortality.