Abbreviations

Ac: acetyl group; ETC: electron transport chain; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; Lys: lysine; NA: nicotinic acid; NAAD: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide; NAM: nicotinamide; NAMN: nicotinic acid mononucleotide; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NR: nicotinamide ribose; pADPr: poly-adenosinediphosphate-ribosylation; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator1 alpha; QA: quinolinic acid; SIRTs: sirtuins; SOD2: mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; TDO: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; Trp: tryptophan.