A novel method for calculating mean erythrocyte age using erythrocyte creatine

Masashi Kameyama; Masafumi Koga; Toshika Okumiya

doi:10.18632/aging.103193

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Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 9 pp 8702—8709

A novel method for calculating mean erythrocyte age using erythrocyte creatine

Masashi Kameyama^1, , Masafumi Koga^2, , Toshika Okumiya^3, ,

¹ Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
² Department of Internal Medicine, Hakuhokai Central Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
³ Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

Received: February 23, 2020 Accepted: April 20, 2020 Published: May 11, 2020

https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103193
How to Cite

Copyright © 2020 Kameyama et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Estimating the lifespan of erythrocytes is useful for the differential diagnosis of anemia. However, measuring the lifespan of erythrocytes was very difficult; therefore, it was seldom measured. Erythrocyte creatine (EC) decreases reflecting erythrocyte age. We developed a method to obtain mean erythrocyte age (M_RBC) from EC.

We reanalyzed the previously published data from 21 patients with hemolytic anemia, which included EC and the half-life of ⁵¹Cr.

M_RBC and log_e EC showed excellent significant linearity (r = −0.9475, p < 0.001), proving that it could be treated as a mono-exponential relationship within the studied range (EC: 1.45 – 11.76 μmol/g Hb). We established an equation to obtain M_RBC (days) from EC (μmol/g Hb): M_RBC = −22.84log_e EC + 65.83.

This equation allowed calculation of M_RBC based on EC which has practical applications such as the diagnosis of anemia.

Introduction

Estimating the lifespan of erythrocytes is useful for the differential diagnosis of anemia, as it is known that the erythrocyte lifespan in hemolytic patients is shortened [1]. Previously, obtaining the lifespan or mean age of erythrocytes was very difficult; therefore, it was seldom measured. Furthermore, supply of ⁵¹Cr, which is needed for measuring erythrocyte lifespan, was ceased in Japan in 2015 due to low demand. This left Japanese doctors unable to measure the erythrocyte lifespan of patients by means of ⁵¹Cr. Biotin-labeling [2, 3] is also used to measure the erythrocyte lifespan, however its procedure is very laborious as well, requiring aseptic labeling of the erythrocytes and repeated blood samplings. Breath carbon monoxide (CO) measurement [4, 5] also may be useful to estimate erythrocyte turnover; however, this technique cannot be applied to smokers. We have proposed a method to estimate erythrocyte mean age from HbA1c and average glucose [6]. However, the method needed a glycation constant to be determined by another method. Some indices such as reticulocyte and haptogloblin were not sensitive enough to indicate mild hemolysis. Cases with latent hemolysis were reported which showed normal reticulocyte and normal haptogloblin levels, and yet, they showed shortened erythrocyte lifespan [7–9].

Creatine in the cells is maintained by creatine transporters. Deficiency in these transporters leads to symptoms [10, 11]. Young erythrocytes have adequate transporter activity resulting in intracellular creatine being tens of times higher than in plasma. However, the activity of the transporter gradually diminishes, so that old erythrocytes cannot maintain this concentration gradient.

Erythrocyte creatine (EC) has been demonstrated to be an excellent indicator of hemolysis [12, 13]. Estimation of mean erythrocyte age (M_RBC) using EC would be more convenient than the ⁵¹Cr method, as it requires only one blood sample. Though an increase in EC value has been correlated with shorter lifespan of erythrocytes, EC value itself has not previously been used for the estimation of M_RBC directly. An estimation of M_RBC would be more useful for quantitative assessment of patients than simple EC value. Moreover, M_RBC derived by EC may be comparable with M_RBC derived by other methods.

In this study, we aimed to formulate an equation to obtain M_RBC from EC concentration based on a model.

Results

Relationship between M_RBC and log_e EC

A significant linear relationship (r = −0.9475, df =19, t = 12.92, p = 7.368 × 10⁻¹¹) was observed between ⁵¹Cr-derived M_RBC and log_e EC (Figure 1). The relationship appears to be mono-exponential which is concurrent with the prediction by our model (Supplement) that the relationship would be bi- or mono-exponential.

Figure 1. Relationship between M_RBC and log_e EC. A significant linear relationship was observed. A red closed circle denotes a standard value; M_RBC = 60 days, EC = 1.4μmol/g Hb. A black line denotes a regression line. EC, erythrocyte creatine; M_RBC, mean erythrocyte age.

A regression line was as follows.

$l o g_{e} E C = - 0.04379 M_{R B C} + 2.882$ (1)

$\Leftrightarrow M_{R B C} = - 22.84 l o g_{e} E C + 65.83$ (2)

A standard value of EC of 1.4 μmol/g Hb gives an M_RBC of 58.14 days.

Equation (2) accurately estimated M_RBC from EC values (Figure 2).

MRBC estimated by EC and 51Cr. EC derived MRBC showed excellent estimation. An orange dotted line denotes line of identification (y = x). A black line denotes a regression line. EC, erythrocyte creatine; MRBC, mean erythrocyte age.

Figure 2. M_RBC estimated by EC and ⁵¹Cr. EC derived M_RBC showed excellent estimation. An orange dotted line denotes line of identification (y = x). A black line denotes a regression line. EC, erythrocyte creatine; M_RBC, mean erythrocyte age.

Discussion

The current study successfully established a reliable method of estimating M_RBC from EC based on a creatine model (Supplement). We would be able to determine a glycation constant for the method to estimate erythrocyte mean age from HbA1c and average glucose [14].

Although Fehr et al. [13] divided patients into a severe hemolytic disease group and a group with milder forms of hemolysis, our model suggested that logarithm of EC may combine the two groups (Figure 3). The regression formula passed close to a standard value of EC, 1.4 μmol/g Hb and 60 days of M_RBC, which proves the validity of the formula.

Relationship between EC and MRBC in the groups with severe and mild hemolytic disease. (A) The two groups show differing regression lines on a normal scale. (B) The two groups are unified on a semi-logarithmic scale. The Red circles represent mild group, sky blue the severe group according to Fehr et al. [13]. EC, erythrocyte creatine; MRBC, mean erythrocyte age.

Figure 3. Relationship between EC and M_RBC in the groups with severe and mild hemolytic disease. (A) The two groups show differing regression lines on a normal scale. (B) The two groups are unified on a semi-logarithmic scale. The Red circles represent mild group, sky blue the severe group according to Fehr et al. [13]. EC, erythrocyte creatine; M_RBC, mean erythrocyte age.

It cannot be determined which wing of the two lines (Supplement) the observed line of the log_e EC– M_RBC relationship is on; i.e. whether the slope of the graph represents the rate constant for creatine diffusion (λ₁) or the rate constant for decline in creatine transporter (λ₂). Another equation may need to be developed for value ranges not explored in this study.

The devised method was formulated entirely based on the previously presented data from only 21 patients.

This method should be verified by further study with various hematological diseases including thalassemia and hereditary spherocytosis. Estimation of M_RBC from ⁵¹Cr half-life may not be optimal, although we believe that it would be tolerable. The EC transporter activity function, Be^−λ2t relies solely on the assumption that the number of transporters reduces overtime randomly due to erythrocytes’ lack of nucleus. However, the linear relationship between log_e EC and M_RBC confirms the assumption. The EC measuring method of Fehr et al. [13] used a diacetyl-l-naphthol chemical reaction, which is less sensitive than the recently developed N-methylcarbamoyl derivative of methylene blue, 10-N-methylcarbamoyl-3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazine (MCDP) enzyme method [15]. Further study on the validity of our proposed formula would be best done in a country where ⁵¹Cr is available.

Conclusions

Our equation does allow calculation of M_RBC based on EC, which has practical applications such as the diagnosis of anemia.

Materials and Methods

Patients

Data from 21 patients with hemolytic anemia, that was published by Fehr et al. [13], was examined. As this is a re-analysis study, approval by the institutional review board was not required.

Data conversion

We estimated M_RBC by multiplying the half life of ⁵¹Cr by 2.61. As human erythrocytes do not obey the Poisson process [16], the term “half-life” is not entirely suitable for erythrocytes. Fehr et al. [13] determined ⁵¹Cr half-life, the elution-corrected ⁵¹Cr half-life, and the mean cell lifespan. The mean cell lifespan was not recorded in their table. The elution-corrected ⁵¹Cr half-life would provide an estimate of M_RBC, considering that normal erythrocytes in a human have a similar lifespan [16]. However, their elution-corrected ⁵¹Cr half-life seems less concordant with EC rank. Complicated procedures sometimes reduce the stability of the system. Therefore, we chose the simple uncorrected ⁵¹Cr half-life in the same way as Fehr et al. [13]. Considering that M_RBC for normal erythrocytes is about 60 days, and the normal range of ⁵¹Cr half-life was 23 – 27 days, multiplying ⁵¹Cr half-life by 2.61 (= 60/23) provides a good estimation of M_RBC in practice.

The units for erythrocyte creatine concentration used by Fehr et al. [13] were mg/dL of red cells. We converted these into μmol/g Hb by the following equation, assuming mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is 33g/dL. The molecular weight of creatine is 131.15. While MCHC varies naturally and decreases in iron deficiency anemia, variability in MCHC is generally low.

$x mg/dL = x \times \frac{10^{3}}{131.15 \times 33} μ mol/g Hb = \frac{x}{4.328} μ mol/g Hb$ (3)

Data analysis

Data on EC and M_RBC were analyzed with a spreadsheet software, Excel ^® 365 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA).

Logarithms of EC and M_RBC were plotted based on our model (Supplement).

Supplementary Materials

Author Contributions

M. Kameyama contributed to theory, the analysis of the data, writing the original draft, and funding acquisition. M. Koga contributed to conceptualization, the analysis of the data, and supervision. T.O. contributed to advise on the nature of EC. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ms. Natalie Okawa and Editage for English language editing of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

M.Kameyama received research funding from Fujifilm RI Pharma, which stopped supply of ⁵¹Cr in Japan, Nihon Med-Physics, and Daiichi-Sankyo. TO received research funding from Asahi Kasei Pharma.

Funding

This study is partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, 18K07488 for M. Kameyama.

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Research Paper Volume 12, Issue 9 pp 8702—8709