No. | Author | Study design | Country | Sample size | Females (%) | Mean age (SD) | Adjustment | Cancer (s) reported |
1 | Lin, 2015 | Cohort | Taiwan | 62023 PD patients 124046 non-PD controls | 94458 (50.7%) | NR | Sex, age | Cancer in general, brain, melanoma, kidney, liver, uterus (women), oesophagus, skin, prostate (men), gallbladder, lymphoma/leukaemia, stomach, bladder, lung, pancreas, colorectal, cervical (women), breast (women), thyroid, ovary (women) |
2 | Fois, 2010 | Cohort | UK | 4355 PD patients Compared to general population | 2205 (50.6%) | NR | Sex, age in 5y bands, time period (years), district of residence | Cancer in general, oral cavity, pharynx, lip, larynx, oesophageal, stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, breast, cervix, ovary, uterus, prostate, kidney, bladder, malignant melanoma, other skin cancer, malignant brain, bone, lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, myeloid leukaemia, benign brain |
3 | Peretz, 2016 | Cohort | Israel | 7125 PD patients Compared to general population | 3297 (46.3%) | 71.1 (10.6) | Age, chronological year, sex | Cancer in general, breast (women), colon, CNS, kidney, leukaemia, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, ovary, pancreas, prostate (men), rectum, thyroid |
4 | Park, 2019 | Cohort | South Korea | 52009 PD patients 260045 non-PD controls | 184776 (59.2%) | 71 (10) | Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, income status | Cancer in general, oral cavity and pharyngeal, laryngeal, oesophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, biliary, lung, renal, bladder, thyroid, leukaemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, skin, breast (women), uterine cervical (women), uterine corpus (women), ovarian (women), prostate (men), testicular (men) |
5 | Lo, 2010 | Cohort | USA | 692 PD patients 761 non-PD controls | 544 (37.4%) | 65.9 (12.1) | Age, sex, cigarette smoking (pack years), alcohol consumption (number of drinks per month), BMI, eye colour | Cancer in general, smoking-related cancer, non-smoking related cancer, lung, bladder, breast (women), prostate (men), colorectal, melanoma |
6 | Liat, 2014 | Cohort | UK | 219194 PD patients 9015614 non-PD controls | 43% | NR | NR | Cancer in general, bladder, bone, brain, breast (women), cervix (women), colon, upper GI, kidney, larynx, myeloid leukaemia, lymphoid leukaemia, liver, lung, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, malignant melanoma, multiple myeloma, nasopharynx, meninges, oesophageal, ovary (women), pancreas, prostate, rectum, salivary gland, non-melanoma skin cancer, stomach, testis (men), thyroid, uterus corpus (women) |
7 | Rugbjerg, 2012 | Cohort | Denmark | 20343 PD patients Compared to general population | 9631 (47.3%) | 72.7 | NR | Cancer in general, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin, breast (women), larynx, lung, urinary bladder, ovary, fallopian tube and bread ligament (women), colorectal, prostate (men), non-Hodgkin lymphoma, corpus uteri (women), brain, multiple myeloma, lymphatic leukaemia, unspecified |
8 | Wirdefeldt, 2014 | Cohort | Sweden | 11786 PD patients 58930 non-PD controls | 27906 (39.5%) | 62.5 (9.2) | Education level | Cancer in general, mouth, oesophageal, stomach, liver, pancreas, nose and nasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung and pleura, cervix uteri (women), kidney and urinary organs, small intestine, peritoneum, mediastinum, breast (women), prostate (men), testis (men), malignant melanoma of skin, skin (excluding melanoma), endocrine glands, bone, connective tissue or muscle, nervous system, colon, rectum, anus, lymphoma, corpus uteri (women), ovary (women), male genital organs other than prostate and testis, thyroid gland, multiple myeloma, lymphatic leukaemia, unspecified |
9a | Becker, 2010 | Cohort | UK | 2993 PD patients 3003 non-PD controls | NR | NR | NR | Cancer in general, lung, larynx, pharynx, buccal cavity, stomach, urinary tract, oesophageal, pancreas, breast (women), colorectal, prostate (men), lymphoma/leukaemia, female reproductive organs, CNS, liver, gallbladder, thyroid gland, unspecified |
9b1 | Becker, 2010 | Case-control | UK | 1118 PD patients 1212 non-PD controls | NR | NR | NR | Cancer in general, lung, larynx, pharynx, buccal cavity, stomach, urinary tract, oesophageal, pancreas, breast (women), colorectal, prostate (men), lymphoma/leukaemia, female reproductive organs, CNS, liver, gallbladder, thyroid gland, unspecified |
10 | Agalliu, 2019 | Case-control | Europe, Israel, USA | 712 PD patients 218 non-PD controls | 419 (45.1%) | 66.9 (10.9) | Age, sex, Ashkenazi Jews ethnicity (fixed effect) and study centre (random effect), smoking status, BMI | Cancer in general, skin cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, bladder cancer, breast (women), ovarian (women), prostate (men), colon, kidney/renal, haematologic/lymphoma, meningioma |
11 | Ruiz-Martínez, 2014 | Case-control | Spain | 637 PD patients 176 non-PD controls | 415 (51.0%) | 71.2 (12.0) | Age | Cancer in general, melanoma, lung, bladder, colon, kidney, breast (women), ovarian (women), prostate (men), hormonal, haematologic, meningioma, unspecified |
12 | Freedman, 2015 | Case-control | USA | 6994 PD patients 972822 non-PD controls | 445388 (45.5%) | NR (Median age = 74 years) | Age, race, sex, number of doctors’ visits, cancer registry area and selection years | Cancer in general, oral cavity, oesophageal, stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, larynx, lung and bronchus, melanoma, breast (women), cervix (women), uterus (women), ovary (women), prostate (men), urinary bladder, kidney/renal pelvis, thyroid, leukaemia |
13 | Tacik, 2016 | Case-control | USA | 971 PD patients 478 non-PD controls | 840 (58.0%) | NR (median age = 67 years) | Age and sex (except for sex-specific cancers - breast, prostate, ovarian, uterine, testicular) No adjustment - For cancers with <10 patients | Cancer in general, breast (women), colon, leukaemia, lymphoma, prostate (males), bladder, pancreatic, melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer, any skin cancer, ovarian (women), lung, brain, stomach, bile duct, uterine (women), oesophageal, liver, thyroid, bone, kidney, testicular (men) |
14 | Shalaby, 2016 | Case-control | USA | 108 PD patients 124 non-PD controls | 127 (54.7%) | 71.4 (7.94) | Liberal adjusted (any cancer): Number of prescription medications, age in years, Caucasian race, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale Score Liberal adjusted (melanoma): Number of prescription medications Liberal adjusted (integumentary cancers): Number of prescription medications, years since last hospitalisation Conservative adjusted (all cancers, melanoma, integumentary cancers): Similar to unadjusted model - Include variables associated with both the cancer and the diagnosis
| Cancer in general, basal cell, squamous integumentary, brain, squamous mesodermal, breast (women), lymphoma, lymphoma, myeloma, leukaemia, oral cavity/pharynx, uterine (women), ovarian (women), prostate (men), urinary/bladder, kidney, thyroid, gastric, colon, liver, pancreas, unspecified |