Review Advance Articles
Getting to the heart of sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease
Figure 1. The bidirectional association of CVDs and their comorbidities with sarcopenia. Diagram showing the complex interactions that contribute to sarcopenia development in CVDs (coronary artery disease and heart failure) and their comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes mellitus). Significant changes in key proteins (circulating biomarkers) associated with muscle function, neuromuscular junction, protein turnover and the endocrine system contribute to sarcopenia. ↑ = Increase and ↓ = decrease. CVDs and their comorbidities all contribute to sarcopenia and importantly, this relationship is bidirectional, with the presence of sarcopenia also contributing to the CVD comorbidities. CVD; Cardiovascular Disease.