Figure 4.Bridging models from fundamental biology to sex-stratified therapeutic interventions. Schematic representation of the translational-research pipeline for developing sex-stratified therapeutic interventions. The arch illustrates the bridging progression from fundamental biology (left) to therapeutic interventions (right), encompassing five key stages: Discover (invertebrate models: C. elegans, Drosophila), Validate (vertebrate models: zebrafish, African turquoise killifish), Translate to preclinical (mammalian models: mouse, rat), Ensure (human-derived systems: cell culture, organoids), and Apply (clinical trials in humans). The foundational layers emphasize the importance of considering hormonal sexual dimorphism throughout all stages of research, converging in sex-stratified therapeutic strategies that account for biological differences between males and females.
